Colonoscopy
Colonoscopy is a procedure used to examine the inside of the colon (large intestine) and rectum. It is one of the most effective tools for colorectal cancer screening, detecting colon polyps, and evaluating digestive symptoms.
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The Procedure
A long, flexible tube called a colonoscope is gently inserted into the rectum and guided through the entire colon. A small camera at the tip sends images to a monitor so your provider can carefully examine the lining of your colon.
If needed, your provider can:
- Remove polyps (small growths that develop on the lining of the colon)
- Take small tissue samples (biopsies)
- Treat certain conditions during the same procedure
Because colonoscopy examines the entire colon and allows polyps to be removed at the same time, it is considered the most comprehensive colorectal cancer screening test available.
Request an AppointmentWhen do I need a Colonoscopy?
Colon Cancer Screening
Colorectal cancer screening is recommended starting at age 45 for individuals at average risk. Colonoscopy may be repeated every 10 years if no concerns are found. Some people may need screening earlier or more often if they have:
- A family history of colorectal cancer or polyps
- Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis)
- Inherited genetic syndromes such as Lynch syndrome
If polyps are found during your colonoscopy, they can usually be removed during the same procedure. Removing polyps significantly lowers your risk of developing colorectal cancer.
If You Have Symptoms
A colonoscopy helps identify the cause of digestive symptoms and rule out serious conditions. It may be recommended if you experience:
- Blood in your stool
- Changes in bowel habits
- Ongoing diarrhea
- Unexplained abdominal or rectal pain
- Anemia (low red blood cell count)
- Abnormal imaging or stool test results
Common Questions
How do I prepare for a Colonoscopy?
Your colon must be completely clean so your provider can see clearly. Preparation usually starts 1 to 2 days before your test.
You may need to:
- Follow a low-fiber diet
- Drink only clear liquids the day before
- Take a special bowel prep medicine that causes watery bowel movements
- Adjust certain medicines
Preparing for a Colonoscopy if You Have Diabetes
Your provider may give you special instructions about adjusting insulin or other medications. Because you will be fasting, it is important to monitor your blood sugar closely and follow your care team’s guidance.
For full instructions:
View Colonoscopy Preparation
What are the risks of a colonoscopy?
A colonoscopy is considered a very safe procedure. Serious complications are rare. However, as with any medical procedure, there are potential risks.
Bleeding
Bleeding can occur, especially if a polyp is removed or a biopsy is taken. In most cases, bleeding is minor and stops on its own. Rarely, additional treatment may be needed.
Perforation (tear in the colon wall)
A small tear in the lining of the colon is rare but can happen. If this occurs, further treatment or surgery may be required.
Reaction to Sedation
Some people may experience breathing or heart-related side effects from sedation. Your care team closely monitors you throughout the procedure to reduce this risk.
Infection
Infections are uncommon, but possible with any medical procedure.
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Request an appointment with your primary care provider to get a referral.
If you have questions or need help, call 218-546-7000. Our team is here to help.